티스토리

Question 1

I have a DataFrame from Pandas:

import pandas as pd
inp = [{'c1':10, 'c2':100}, {'c1':11,'c2':110}, {'c1':12,'c2':120}]
df = pd.DataFrame(inp)
print df

Output:

Now I want to iterate over the rows of this frame. For every row I want to be able to access its elements (values in cells) by the name of the columns. For example:

for row in df.rows:
   print row['c1'], row['c2']

Is it possible to do that in Pandas?

I found this similar question. But it does not give me the answer I need. For example, it is suggested there to use:

for date, row in df.T.iteritems():

or

for row in df.iterrows():

But I do not understand what the row object is and how I can work with it.

Question 2

DataFrame.iterrows is a generator which yields both the index and row (as a Series):

import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({'c1': [10, 11, 12], 'c2': [100, 110, 120]})

for index, row in df.iterrows():
    print(row['c1'], row['c2'])

10 100
11 110
12 120

Question 3

How to iterate over rows in a DataFrame in Pandas?

Answer: DON'T^*!

Iteration in Pandas is an anti-pattern and is something you should only do when you have exhausted every other option. You should not use any function with "iter" in its name for more than a few thousand rows or you will have to get used to a lot of waiting.

Do you want to print a DataFrame? Use DataFrame.to_string().

Do you want to compute something? In that case, search for methods in this order (list modified from here):

Vectorization
Cython routines
List Comprehensions (vanilla for loop)
DataFrame.apply(): i) Reductions that can be performed in Cython, ii) Iteration in Python space
DataFrame.itertuples() and iteritems()
DataFrame.iterrows()

iterrows and itertuples (both receiving many votes in answers to this question) should be used in very rare circumstances, such as generating row objects/nametuples for sequential processing, which is really the only thing these functions are useful for.

Appeal to Authority

The documentation page on iteration has a huge red warning box that says:

Iterating through pandas objects is generally slow. In many cases, iterating manually over the rows is not needed [...].

_{* It's actually a little more complicated than "don't". df.iterrows() is the correct answer to this question, but "vectorize your ops" is the better one. I will concede that there are circumstances where iteration cannot be avoided (for example, some operations where the result depends on the value computed for the previous row). However, it takes some familiarity with the library to know when. If you're not sure whether you need an iterative solution, you probably don't. PS: To know more about my rationale for writing this answer, skip to the very bottom.}

Faster than Looping: Vectorization, Cython

A good number of basic operations and computations are "vectorised" by pandas (either through NumPy, or through Cythonized functions). This includes arithmetic, comparisons, (most) reductions, reshaping (such as pivoting), joins, and groupby operations. Look through the documentation on Essential Basic Functionality to find a suitable vectorised method for your problem.

If none exists, feel free to write your own using custom Cython extensions.

Next Best Thing: List Comprehensions^*

List comprehensions should be your next port of call if 1) there is no vectorized solution available, 2) performance is important, but not important enough to go through the hassle of cythonizing your code, and 3) you're trying to perform elementwise transformation on your code. There is a good amount of evidence to suggest that list comprehensions are sufficiently fast (and even sometimes faster) for many common Pandas tasks.

The formula is simple,

# Iterating over one column - `f` is some function that processes your data
result = [f(x) for x in df['col']]
# Iterating over two columns, use `zip`
result = [f(x, y) for x, y in zip(df['col1'], df['col2'])]
# Iterating over multiple columns - same data type
result = [f(row[0], ..., row[n]) for row in df[['col1', ...,'coln']].to_numpy()]
# Iterating over multiple columns - differing data type
result = [f(row[0], ..., row[n]) for row in zip(df['col1'], ..., df['coln'])]

If you can encapsulate your business logic into a function, you can use a list comprehension that calls it. You can make arbitrarily complex things work through the simplicity and speed of raw Python code.

Caveats

List comprehensions assume that your data is easy to work with - what that means is your data types are consistent and you don't have NaNs, but this cannot always be guaranteed.

The first one is more obvious, but when dealing with NaNs, prefer in-built pandas methods if they exist (because they have much better corner-case handling logic), or ensure your business logic includes appropriate NaN handling logic.
When dealing with mixed data types you should iterate over zip(df['A'], df['B'], ...) instead of df[['A', 'B']].to_numpy() as the latter implicitly upcasts data to the most common type. As an example if A is numeric and B is string, to_numpy() will cast the entire array to string, which may not be what you want. Fortunately zipping your columns together is the most straightforward workaround to this.

_{*Your mileage may vary for the reasons outlined in the Caveats section above.}

An Obvious Example

Let's demonstrate the difference with a simple example of adding two pandas columns A + B. This is a vectorizable operaton, so it will be easy to contrast the performance of the methods discussed above.

Benchmarking code, for your reference. The line at the bottom measures a function written in numpandas, a style of Pandas that mixes heavily with NumPy to squeeze out maximum performance. Writing numpandas code should be avoided unless you know what you're doing. Stick to the API where you can (i.e., prefer vec over vec_numpy).

I should mention, however, that it isn't always this cut and dry. Sometimes the answer to "what is the best method for an operation" is "it depends on your data". My advice is to test out different approaches on your data before settling on one.

Why I Wrote this Answer

A common trend I notice from new users is to ask questions of the form "How can I iterate over my df to do X?". Showing code that calls iterrows() while doing something inside a for loop. Here is why. A new user to the library who has not been introduced to the concept of vectorization will likely envision the code that solves their problem as iterating over their data to do something. Not knowing how to iterate over a DataFrame, the first thing they do is Google it and end up here, at this question. They then see the accepted answer telling them how to, and they close their eyes and run this code without ever first questioning if iteration is not the right thing to do.

The aim of this answer is to help new users understand that iteration is not necessarily the solution to every problem, and that better, faster and more idiomatic solutions could exist, and that it is worth investing time in exploring them. I'm not trying to start a war of iteration vs. vectorization, but I want new users to be informed when developing solutions to their problems with this library.

Question 4

First consider if you really need to iterate over rows in a DataFrame. See this answer for alternatives.

If you still need to iterate over rows, you can use methods below. Note some important caveats which are not mentioned in any of the other answers.

DataFrame.iterrows()

for index, row in df.iterrows():
    print(row["c1"], row["c2"])

DataFrame.itertuples()

for row in df.itertuples(index=True, name='Pandas'):
    print(row.c1, row.c2)

itertuples() is supposed to be faster than iterrows()

But be aware, according to the docs (pandas 0.24.2 at the moment):

iterrows: dtype might not match from row to row

Because iterrows returns a Series for each row, it does not preserve dtypes across the rows (dtypes are preserved across columns for DataFrames). To preserve dtypes while iterating over the rows, it is better to use itertuples() which returns namedtuples of the values and which is generally much faster than iterrows()
iterrows: Do not modify rows

You should never modify something you are iterating over. This is not guaranteed to work in all cases. Depending on the data types, the iterator returns a copy and not a view, and writing to it will have no effect.

Use DataFrame.apply() instead:
```
new_df = df.apply(lambda x: x * 2)
```
itertuples:

The column names will be renamed to positional names if they are invalid Python identifiers, repeated, or start with an underscore. With a large number of columns (>255), regular tuples are returned.

See pandas docs on iteration for more details.

Question 5

You should use df.iterrows(). Though iterating row-by-row is not especially efficient since Series objects have to be created.

Question 6

While iterrows() is a good option, sometimes itertuples() can be much faster:

df = pd.DataFrame({'a': randn(1000), 'b': randn(1000),'N': randint(100, 1000, (1000)), 'x': 'x'})

%timeit [row.a * 2 for idx, row in df.iterrows()]
# => 10 loops, best of 3: 50.3 ms per loop

%timeit [row[1] * 2 for row in df.itertuples()]
# => 1000 loops, best of 3: 541 µs per loop

Question 7

You can also use df.apply() to iterate over rows and access multiple columns for a function.

docs: DataFrame.apply()

def valuation_formula(x, y):
    return x * y * 0.5

df['price'] = df.apply(lambda row: valuation_formula(row['x'], row['y']), axis=1)

Question 8

You can use the df.iloc function as follows:

for i in range(0, len(df)):
    print df.iloc[i]['c1'], df.iloc[i]['c2']

Question 9

How to iterate efficiently

If you really have to iterate a Pandas dataframe, you will probably want to avoid using iterrows(). There are different methods and the usual iterrows() is far from being the best. itertuples() can be 100 times faster.

In short:

As a general rule, use df.itertuples(name=None). In particular, when you have a fixed number columns and less than 255 columns. See point (3)
Otherwise, use df.itertuples() except if your columns have special characters such as spaces or '-'. See point (2)
It is possible to use itertuples() even if your dataframe has strange columns by using the last example. See point (4)
Only use iterrows() if you cannot the previous solutions. See point (1)

Different methods to iterate over rows in a Pandas dataframe:

Generate a random dataframe with a million rows and 4 columns:

    df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0, 100, size=(1000000, 4)), columns=list('ABCD'))
    print(df)

1) The usual iterrows() is convenient, but damn slow:

start_time = time.clock()
result = 0
for _, row in df.iterrows():
    result += max(row['B'], row['C'])

total_elapsed_time = round(time.clock() - start_time, 2)
print("1. Iterrows done in {} seconds, result = {}".format(total_elapsed_time, result))

2) The default itertuples() is already much faster, but it doesn't work with column names such as My Col-Name is very Strange (you should avoid this method if your columns are repeated or if a column name cannot be simply converted to a Python variable name).:

start_time = time.clock()
result = 0
for row in df.itertuples(index=False):
    result += max(row.B, row.C)

total_elapsed_time = round(time.clock() - start_time, 2)
print("2. Named Itertuples done in {} seconds, result = {}".format(total_elapsed_time, result))

3) The default itertuples() using name=None is even faster but not really convenient as you have to define a variable per column.

start_time = time.clock()
result = 0
for(_, col1, col2, col3, col4) in df.itertuples(name=None):
    result += max(col2, col3)

total_elapsed_time = round(time.clock() - start_time, 2)
print("3. Itertuples done in {} seconds, result = {}".format(total_elapsed_time, result))

4) Finally, the named itertuples() is slower than the previous point, but you do not have to define a variable per column and it works with column names such as My Col-Name is very Strange.

start_time = time.clock()
result = 0
for row in df.itertuples(index=False):
    result += max(row[df.columns.get_loc('B')], row[df.columns.get_loc('C')])

total_elapsed_time = round(time.clock() - start_time, 2)
print("4. Polyvalent Itertuples working even with special characters in the column name done in {} seconds, result = {}".format(total_elapsed_time, result))

Output:

         A   B   C   D
0       41  63  42  23
1       54   9  24  65
2       15  34  10   9
3       39  94  82  97
4        4  88  79  54
...     ..  ..  ..  ..
999995  48  27   4  25
999996  16  51  34  28
999997   1  39  61  14
999998  66  51  27  70
999999  51  53  47  99

[1000000 rows x 4 columns]

1. Iterrows done in 104.96 seconds, result = 66151519
2. Named Itertuples done in 1.26 seconds, result = 66151519
3. Itertuples done in 0.94 seconds, result = 66151519
4. Polyvalent Itertuples working even with special characters in the column name done in 2.94 seconds, result = 66151519

This article is a very interesting comparison between iterrows and itertuples

Question 10

I was looking for How to iterate on rows and columns and ended here so:

for i, row in df.iterrows():
    for j, column in row.iteritems():
        print(column)

Question 11

You can write your own iterator that implements namedtuple

from collections import namedtuple

def myiter(d, cols=None):
    if cols is None:
        v = d.values.tolist()
        cols = d.columns.values.tolist()
    else:
        j = [d.columns.get_loc(c) for c in cols]
        v = d.values[:, j].tolist()

    n = namedtuple('MyTuple', cols)

    for line in iter(v):
        yield n(*line)

This is directly comparable to pd.DataFrame.itertuples. I'm aiming at performing the same task with more efficiency.

For the given dataframe with my function:

list(myiter(df))

[MyTuple(c1=10, c2=100), MyTuple(c1=11, c2=110), MyTuple(c1=12, c2=120)]

Or with pd.DataFrame.itertuples:

list(df.itertuples(index=False))

[Pandas(c1=10, c2=100), Pandas(c1=11, c2=110), Pandas(c1=12, c2=120)]

A comprehensive test
We test making all columns available and subsetting the columns.

def iterfullA(d):
    return list(myiter(d))

def iterfullB(d):
    return list(d.itertuples(index=False))

def itersubA(d):
    return list(myiter(d, ['col3', 'col4', 'col5', 'col6', 'col7']))

def itersubB(d):
    return list(d[['col3', 'col4', 'col5', 'col6', 'col7']].itertuples(index=False))

res = pd.DataFrame(
    index=[10, 30, 100, 300, 1000, 3000, 10000, 30000],
    columns='iterfullA iterfullB itersubA itersubB'.split(),
    dtype=float
)

for i in res.index:
    d = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(10, size=(i, 10))).add_prefix('col')
    for j in res.columns:
        stmt = '{}(d)'.format(j)
        setp = 'from __main__ import d, {}'.format(j)
        res.at[i, j] = timeit(stmt, setp, number=100)

res.groupby(res.columns.str[4:-1], axis=1).plot(loglog=True);

Question 12

To loop all rows in a dataframe you can use:

for x in range(len(date_example.index)):
    print date_example['Date'].iloc[x]

Question 13

 for ind in df.index:
     print df['c1'][ind], df['c2'][ind]

Question 14

Sometimes a useful pattern is:

# Borrowing @KutalmisB df example
df = pd.DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': [0.1, 0.2]}, index=['a', 'b'])
# The to_dict call results in a list of dicts
# where each row_dict is a dictionary with k:v pairs of columns:value for that row
for row_dict in df.to_dict(orient='records'):
    print(row_dict)

Which results in:

{'col1':1.0, 'col2':0.1}
{'col1':2.0, 'col2':0.2}

Question 15

In short

Use vectorization if possible
If an operation can't be vectorized - use list comprehensions
If you need a single object representing the entire row - use itertuples
If the above is too slow - try swifter.apply
If it's still too slow - try a Cython routine

Benchmark

Question 16

Update: cs95 has updated his answer to include plain numpy vectorization. You can simply refer to his answer.

cs95 shows that Pandas vectorization far outperforms other Pandas methods for computing stuff with dataframes.

I wanted to add that if you first convert the dataframe to a NumPy array and then use vectorization, it's even faster than Pandas dataframe vectorization, (and that includes the time to turn it back into a dataframe series).

If you add the following functions to cs95's benchmark code, this becomes pretty evident:

def np_vectorization(df):
    np_arr = df.to_numpy()
    return pd.Series(np_arr[:,0] + np_arr[:,1], index=df.index)

def just_np_vectorization(df):
    np_arr = df.to_numpy()
    return np_arr[:,0] + np_arr[:,1]

Question 17

To loop all rows in a dataframe and use values of each row conveniently, namedtuples can be converted to ndarrays. For example:

df = pd.DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': [0.1, 0.2]}, index=['a', 'b'])

Iterating over the rows:

for row in df.itertuples(index=False, name='Pandas'):
    print np.asarray(row)

results in:

[ 1.   0.1]
[ 2.   0.2]

Please note that if index=True, the index is added as the first element of the tuple, which may be undesirable for some applications.

Question 18

There is a way to iterate throw rows while getting a DataFrame in return, and not a Series. I don't see anyone mentioning that you can pass index as a list for the row to be returned as a DataFrame:

for i in range(len(df)):
    row = df.iloc[[i]]

Note the usage of double brackets. This returns a DataFrame with a single row.

Question 19

For both viewing and modifying values, I would use iterrows(). In a for loop and by using tuple unpacking (see the example: i, row), I use the row for only viewing the value and use i with the loc method when I want to modify values. As stated in previous answers, here you should not modify something you are iterating over.

for i, row in df.iterrows():
    df_column_A = df.loc[i, 'A']
    if df_column_A == 'Old_Value':
        df_column_A = 'New_value'

Here the row in the loop is a copy of that row, and not a view of it. Therefore, you should NOT write something like row['A'] = 'New_Value', it will not modify the DataFrame. However, you can use i and loc and specify the DataFrame to do the work.

Question 20

There are so many ways to iterate over the rows in Pandas dataframe. One very simple and intuitive way is:

df = pd.DataFrame({'A':[1, 2, 3], 'B':[4, 5, 6], 'C':[7, 8, 9]})
print(df)
for i in range(df.shape[0]):
    # For printing the second column
    print(df.iloc[i, 1])

    # For printing more than one columns
    print(df.iloc[i, [0, 2]])

Question 21

The easiest way, use the apply function

def print_row(row):
   print row['c1'], row['c2']

df.apply(lambda row: print_row(row), axis=1)

Question 22

You can also do NumPy indexing for even greater speed ups. It's not really iterating but works much better than iteration for certain applications.

subset = row['c1'][0:5]
all = row['c1'][:]

You may also want to cast it to an array. These indexes/selections are supposed to act like NumPy arrays already, but I ran into issues and needed to cast

np.asarray(all)
imgs[:] = cv2.resize(imgs[:], (224,224) ) # Resize every image in an hdf5 file

Question 23

This example uses iloc to isolate each digit in the data frame.

import pandas as pd

 a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
 b = [5, 6, 7, 8]

 mjr = pd.DataFrame({'a':a, 'b':b})

 size = mjr.shape

 for i in range(size[0]):
     for j in range(size[1]):
         print(mjr.iloc[i, j])

Question 24

Some libraries (e.g. a Java interop library that I use) require values to be passed in a row at a time, for example, if streaming data. To replicate the streaming nature, I 'stream' my dataframe values one by one, I wrote the below, which comes in handy from time to time.

class DataFrameReader:
  def __init__(self, df):
    self._df = df
    self._row = None
    self._columns = df.columns.tolist()
    self.reset()
    self.row_index = 0

  def __getattr__(self, key):
    return self.__getitem__(key)

  def read(self) -> bool:
    self._row = next(self._iterator, None)
    self.row_index += 1
    return self._row is not None

  def columns(self):
    return self._columns

  def reset(self) -> None:
    self._iterator = self._df.itertuples()

  def get_index(self):
    return self._row[0]

  def index(self):
    return self._row[0]

  def to_dict(self, columns: List[str] = None):
    return self.row(columns=columns)

  def tolist(self, cols) -> List[object]:
    return [self.__getitem__(c) for c in cols]

  def row(self, columns: List[str] = None) -> Dict[str, object]:
    cols = set(self._columns if columns is None else columns)
    return {c : self.__getitem__(c) for c in self._columns if c in cols}

  def __getitem__(self, key) -> object:
    # the df index of the row is at index 0
    try:
        if type(key) is list:
            ix = [self._columns.index(key) + 1 for k in key]
        else:
            ix = self._columns.index(key) + 1
        return self._row[ix]
    except BaseException as e:
        return None

  def __next__(self) -> 'DataFrameReader':
    if self.read():
        return self
    else:
        raise StopIteration

  def __iter__(self) -> 'DataFrameReader':
    return self

Which can be used:

for row in DataFrameReader(df):
  print(row.my_column_name)
  print(row.to_dict())
  print(row['my_column_name'])
  print(row.tolist())

And preserves the values/ name mapping for the rows being iterated. Obviously, is a lot slower than using apply and Cython as indicated above, but is necessary in some circumstances.

Question 25

As many answers here correctly and clearly point out, you should not generally attempt to loop in Pandas, but rather should write vectorized code. But the question remains if you should ever write loops in Pandas, and if so the best way to loop in those situations.

I believe there is at least one general situation where loops are appropriate: when you need to calculate some function that depends on values in other rows in a somewhat complex manner. In this case, the looping code is often simpler, more readable, and less error prone than vectorized code. The looping code might even be faster, too.

I will attempt to show this with an example. Suppose you want to take a cumulative sum of a column, but reset it whenever some other column equals zero:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

df = pd.DataFrame( { 'x':[1,2,3,4,5,6], 'y':[1,1,1,0,1,1]  } )

#   x  y  desired_result
#0  1  1               1
#1  2  1               3
#2  3  1               6
#3  4  0               4
#4  5  1               9
#5  6  1              15

This is a good example where you could certainly write one line of Pandas to achieve this, although it's not especially readable, especially if you aren't fairly experienced with Pandas already:

df.groupby( (df.y==0).cumsum() )['x'].cumsum()

That's going to be fast enough for most situations, although you could also write faster code by avoiding the groupby, but it will likely be even less readable.

Alternatively, what if we write this as a loop? You could do something like the following with NumPy:

import numba as nb

@nb.jit(nopython=True)  # Optional
def custom_sum(x,y):
    x_sum = x.copy()
    for i in range(1,len(df)):
        if y[i] > 0: x_sum[i] = x_sum[i-1] + x[i]
    return x_sum

df['desired_result'] = custom_sum( df.x.to_numpy(), df.y.to_numpy() )

Admittedly, there's a bit of overhead there required to convert DataFrame columns to NumPy arrays, but the core piece of code is just one line of code that you could read even if you didn't know anything about Pandas or NumPy:

if y[i] > 0: x_sum[i] = x_sum[i-1] + x[i]

And this code is actually faster than the vectorized code. In some quick tests with 100,000 rows, the above is about 10x faster than the groupby approach. Note that one key to the speed there is numba, which is optional. Without the "@nb.jit" line, the looping code is actually about 10x slower than the groupby approach.

Clearly this example is simple enough that you would likely prefer the one line of pandas to writing a loop with its associated overhead. However, there are more complex versions of this problem for which the readability or speed of the NumPy/numba loop approach likely makes sense.

Question 26

Along with the great answers in this post I am going to propose Divide and Conquer approach, I am not writing this answer to abolish the other great answers but to fulfill them with another approach which was working efficiently for me. It has two steps of splitting and merging the pandas dataframe:

PROS of Divide and Conquer:

You don't need to use vectorization or any other methods to cast the type of your dataframe into another type
You don't need to Cythonize your code which normally takes extra time from you
Both iterrows() and itertuples() in my case were having the same performance over entire dataframe
Depends on your choice of slicing index, you will be able to exponentially quicken the iteration. The higher index, the quicker your iteration process.

CONS of Divide and Conquer:

You shouldn't have dependency over the iteration process to the same dataframe and different slice. Meaning if you want to read or write from other slice, it maybe difficult to do that.

=================== Divide and Conquer Approach =================

Step 1: Splitting/Slicing

In this step, we are going to divide the iteration over the entire dataframe. Think that you are going to read a csv file into pandas df then iterate over it. In may case I have 5,000,000 records and I am going to split it into 100,000 records.

NOTE: I need to reiterate as other runtime analysis explained in the other solutions in this page, "number of records" has exponential proportion of "runtime" on search on the df. Based on the benchmark on my data here are the results:

Number of records | Iteration per second
========================================
100,000           | 500 it/s
500,000           | 200 it/s
1,000,000         | 50 it/s
5,000,000         | 20 it/s

Step 2: Merging

This is going to be an easy step, just merge all the written csv files into one dataframe and write it into a bigger csv file.

Here is the sample code:

# Step 1 (Splitting/Slicing)
import pandas as pd
df_all = pd.read_csv('C:/KtV.csv')
df_index = 100000
df_len = len(df)
for i in range(df_len // df_index + 1):
    lower_bound = i * df_index 
    higher_bound = min(lower_bound + df_index, df_len)
    # splitting/slicing df (make sure to copy() otherwise it will be a view
    df = df_all[lower_bound:higher_bound].copy()
    '''
    write your iteration over the sliced df here
    using iterrows() or intertuples() or ...
    '''
    # writing into csv files
    df.to_csv('C:/KtV_prep_'+str(i)+'.csv')



# Step 2 (Merging)
filename='C:/KtV_prep_'
df = (pd.read_csv(f) for f in [filename+str(i)+'.csv' for i in range(ktv_len // ktv_index + 1)])
df_prep_all = pd.concat(df)
df_prep_all.to_csv('C:/KtV_prep_all.csv')

Reference:

Efficient way of iteration over datafreame

Concatenate csv files into one Pandas Dataframe

Question 27

df.iterrows() return tuple(a,b) where a is index and b is row.

Question 28

Use df.iloc[]. For example, using dataframe 'rows_df':

Or

To get values from a specific row, you can convert the dataframe into ndarray.

Then select the row and column values like this:

Question 29

Just adding my two cents,

As the accepted answer states, the fastest way to apply a function over rows is to use a vectorized function, the so-called numpy ufuncs (universal functions)

But what should you do when the function you want to apply isn't already implemented in numpy?

Well using the vectorize decorator from numba, you can easily create ufuncs directly in Python like this:

from numba import vectorize, float64

@vectorize([float64(float64)])
def f(x):
    #x is your line, do something with it, and return a float

The documentation for this function is here: https://numba.pydata.org/numba-doc/latest/user/vectorize.html

Question 30

Probably the most elegant solution (but certainly not the most efficient):

for row in df.values:
    c2 = row[1]
    print(row)
    # ...

for c1, c2 in df.values:
    # ...

Note that:

the documentation explicitly recommends to use .to_numpy() instead
the produced NumPy array will have a dtype that fits all columns, in the worst case object
there are good reasons not to use a loop in the first place

Still, I think this option should be included here, as a straight-forward solution to a (one should think) trivial problem.

Question 31

A better way is is convert the dataframe into a dictionary by using zip creating a key value pairing then access the row values by key.

 inp = [{'c1':10, 'c2':100}, {'c1':11,'c2':110}, {'c1':12,'c2':120}]
 df = pd.DataFrame(inp)
 print(df)

 for row in inp:
     for (k,v) in zip(row.keys(), row.values()):
         print(k,v)

output:

How to iterate over rows in a DataFrame in Pandas